Medical conditions in dogs
What is Epilepsy?
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures. These seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It’s like a temporary electrical storm that disrupts normal brain function.
Symptoms and signs
How can I tell if my dog has epilepsy?
Seizures can manifest in various ways, and the severity can differ between dogs. Common signs include:
- Loss of Consciousness: Your dog may collapse and become unresponsive.
- Convulsions: Involuntary muscle contractions, often involving paddling of the limbs.
- Tremors or Shaking: Rhythmic muscle movements.
- Drooling or Foaming at the Mouth: Excessive salivation.
- Incontinence: Loss of bladder or bowel control.
- Changes in Behaviour: Before or after a seizure, your dog may exhibit anxiety, confusion, or disorientation.
- “Fly biting” or other oral automatisms: Strange repetitive mouth movements.
- Staring or twitching: In more focal seizures.
Diagnosis
How is epilepsy in dogs diagnosed?
Diagnosing epilepsy involves a combination of:
- Detailed History: Your vet will ask about your dog’s seizure episodes, including frequency, duration, and any preceding or subsequent behaviours. Keep a detailed log of any seizures.
- Physical Examination: To assess your dog’s overall health.
- Neurological Examination: To evaluate brain function.
- Blood Tests: To check for underlying metabolic disorders.
- Urine Tests: To check for underlying metabolic disorders.
- MRI or CT Scan: Imaging of the brain to identify structural abnormalities.
- Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis: To check for infections or inflammation.
- Electroencephalogram (EEG): Measures electrical activity in the brain, but is not commonly used in general practice.
If no underlying cause is found, a diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy may be made.
Causes
What are the causes of epilepsy in dogs?
Epilepsy can be classified into two main types:
- Idiopathic Epilepsy: This is the most common type, where the cause is unknown. It’s often thought to have a genetic component.
- Symptomatic Epilepsy: This occurs due to an identifiable underlying cause, such as:
- Brain tumours
- Head trauma
- Infections (e.g., encephalitis)
- Metabolic disorders (e.g., liver or kidney disease)
- Toxins
Treatment
What are the treatment options for epilepsy in dogs?
While there’s no cure for epilepsy, it can be managed effectively with:
- Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs): Medications like phenobarbital, levetiracetam, or zonisamide are commonly used to control seizures.
- Regular Monitoring: Blood tests are necessary to monitor medication levels and liver function.
- Dietary Management: In some cases, dietary changes may be recommended.
- Avoiding Triggers: Identifying and avoiding potential triggers, such as stress or loud noises.
It’s crucial to work closely with your veterinarian to develop a treatment plan that’s tailored to your dog’s needs. Consistency with medication is essential for effective seizure control.
It’s natural to feel concerned when your dog experiences a seizure. Remember that you’re not alone, and with the right support, your dog can lead a happy and fulfilling life.
