Seeing your dog experience a seizure can be incredibly distressing. However, it’s important to remember that epilepsy is a manageable condition. Let’s delve into what it is, how it’s diagnosed, and how we can help our furry friends.

What is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures. These seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It’s like a temporary electrical storm that disrupts normal brain function.  

Symptoms and Signs of Epilepsy in Dogs

Seizures can manifest in various ways, and the severity can differ between dogs. Common signs include:  

• Loss of Consciousness: Your dog may collapse and become unresponsive.
• Convulsions: Involuntary muscle contractions, often involving paddling of the limbs.
• Tremors or Shaking: Rhythmic muscle movements.
• Drooling or Foaming at the Mouth: Excessive salivation.  
• Incontinence: Loss of bladder or bowel control.  
• Changes in Behaviour: Before or after a seizure, your dog may exhibit anxiety, confusion, or disorientation.  
• “Fly biting” or other oral automatisms: Strange repetitive mouth movements.
• Staring or twitching: In more focal seizures.

It’s important to note that not all seizures look the same. Some may be very mild, while others can be more intense.  

Causes

Epilepsy can be classified into two main types:

• Idiopathic Epilepsy: This is the most common type, where the cause is unknown. It’s often thought to have a genetic component.
• Symptomatic Epilepsy: This occurs due to an identifiable underlying cause, such as:
  • Brain tumours
  • Head trauma
  • Infections (e.g., encephalitis)  
  • Metabolic disorders (e.g., liver or kidney disease)  
  • Toxins

How is Epilepsy in Dogs Diagnosed?

Diagnosing epilepsy involves a combination of:

• Detailed History: Your vet will ask about your dog’s seizure episodes, including frequency, duration, and any preceding or subsequent behaviours. Keep a detailed log of any seizures.  
• Physical Examination: To assess your dog’s overall health.
• Neurological Examination: To evaluate brain function.  
• Blood Tests: To check for underlying metabolic disorders.  
• Urine Tests: To check for underlying metabolic disorders.
• MRI or CT Scan: Imaging of the brain to identify structural abnormalities.  
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Analysis: To check for infections or inflammation.  
• Electroencephalogram (EEG): Measures electrical activity in the brain, but is not commonly used in general practice.

If no underlying cause is found, a diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy may be made.  

Epilepsy Treatment

While there’s no cure for epilepsy, it can be managed effectively with:

• Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs): Medications like phenobarbital, levetiracetam, or zonisamide are commonly used to control seizures.  
• Regular Monitoring: Blood tests are necessary to monitor medication levels and liver function.  
• Dietary Management: In some cases, dietary changes may be recommended.
• Avoiding Triggers: Identifying and avoiding potential triggers, such as stress or loud noises.  

It’s crucial to work closely with your veterinarian to develop a treatment plan that’s tailored to your dog’s needs. Consistency with medication is essential for effective seizure control.

It’s natural to feel concerned when your dog experiences a seizure. Remember that you’re not alone, and with the right support, your dog can lead a happy and fulfilling life.